He was born Giovanni di Pietro di Bernardone in 1181 or 1182 in the Holy Roman Empire. Yes, that Francis of Assisi, who is also one of Catholicisms most beloved saints. Whereas the sword could extinguish a sinners worthless life, Gods Word could cut deep into hearts and create a channel of peace that led to eternal life. This earned him the title Gods fool, which he wholeheartedly embraced. He was held captive for a period of time. [emailprotected]. St. Francis of Assis joined the military expedition against He wore a simple tunic and shaved the top of his head to show that he was not vain. St. Francis of Assisi, one of the most charitable and good religious figures in religious text, reminds us to stay humble and in service of others. He didnt study much and his academic life remained incomplete. Saint Francis loved the letter T. His special letter T is called the. He was captured and held as a POW in a Perigean dungeon for a year before his father ransomed him. Survey data is powered by Wisevoter and Scholaroo, What If Cats and Dogs Had Opposable Thumbs? See what else you didnt know about St. Francis by scrolling through the gallery. Throughout most of his youth, he served as a soldier, but after a conversion experience, he renounced his familys wealth and devote his life to God. He chose the name Francis in honor of St. Francis of Assisi, a Catholic friar born in 12 th century Italy. Article Images Copyright 2023 Getty Images unless otherwise indicated. 4. He went to Syria to preach and was unharmed. In 1226, he succumbed to sickness and finally passed away, leaving behind a legacy which swept across the globe. That all of them may be one, Father, just as you are in me and I am in you. Como parte de este servicio gratuito, podra recibir ocasionalmente ofertas de EWTN News y EWTN. It was the first private school in the diocese of Brooklyn. Suite 700 Image source: The Famous People. Francis preached to townspeopleeven though as a layperson he was without license to do soand he soon attracted followers. What is St. Francis of Assisi famous for? Born in Assisi, Italy, in 1182, Francis grew up with every luxury a young man could want. Proudly Servicing Over Churches & Institutions Worldwide! After hearing a sermon preached from Matthews Gospel, Francis knew he would undertake his Holy mission the way the Apostles had. In the vision he was told to return to Assisi and wait for a call to a new kind of knighthood. October 4th is the feast day of the great St. Francis of Assisi! released through Familius Publishing in 2020. It remains unclear if he converted to Christianity. His life had many chapters and his accomplishments spanned over many years. Designed by Elegant Themes | Powered by WordPress, Francis He was also a fierce warrior and a P.O.W. He was baptized with the name John. At first Innocent was hesitant, but, following a dream in which he saw Francis holding up the church of San Giovanni in Laterano, he gave oral approbation to the Franciscan rule of life. Francis of Assisi was born in 1181 or 1182 in Assisi. *This product is included in: CATHOLIC SCHOOL YEAR LONG GROWING BUNDLE This mini book is a great way to teach your students about St. Francis of Assisi. The Peace Prayer of St. Francis first appeared around 1915, and embodies the spirit of simplicity and Francis wanted to take his message outside Italy. Francis would go on to travel throughout the globe, in places like Egypt and other locations in the Middle East to preach the gospel. He also appointed Peter Catanii as his vicar to handle the orders practical affairs; after Peters early death in 1221, Francis replaced him with Brother Elias of Cortona. WebOctober 15 is the feast of St. Teresa of vila (1515-1582), probably the female saint and mystic with the greatest influence in the world. St. Francis of Assisi is credited with setting up the first live nativity scene in honor of Christmas much like the nativity scenes you see today! In honor of his life today, we can all find a way to give back, especially to animals and the environment, of which he is the patron saint. WebSt Francis of Assisi, November 26, Saint Francis of Assisi was born in late 1181 or early 1182 in Assisi, duchy of Spoleto, Umbria, Italy, He was among the seven children of Pietro di Bernardone, a wealthy silk merchant, and Pica de Bourlemont. Not only was Francis awestruck by Gods masterful design in creation, but he also had spiritual eyes to discern that the Almighty had equipped every living thing with a unique means to offer God praise. You could probably say he was spoiled rotten, yet even then, he had a soft spot for the poor! A Franciscan who was with him later recounted, Suddenly he saw a vision of a seraph, a six-winged angel on a cross. He is one of the patron saints of Italy. He is one of the patron saints of Italy. Who was St. Francis of Assisi? In 1217 he proposed to go to France, but the future Pope Gregory IX, Cardinal Ugolino of Segni, an early and important supporter of the order, advised Francis that he was needed more in Italy. This article is part of our People of Christianity catalog that features the stories, meaning, and significance of well-known people from the Bible and history. 6. San Francesco lived happily with no money. Francesco di Pietro di Bernardone, (born 1181/82, Assisi, duchy of Spoletodied Oct. 3, 1226, Assisi; canonized July 16, 1228; feast day October 4), Italian Inspired by the troubadours, Francis developed an aspiration for knighthood. San Francesco believed that EVERYTHING was equally important, so he called everything either a 'brother' or a 'sister.' St. Francis was a boisterous party animal. His submission to papal authority, and a prophetic prompting given to the Pope in a dream, compelled the Catholic church to grant Francis permission to start the Franciscan order. Heres How to Go in 6 Simple Steps. In Matthew 10.9, Jesus tells his disciples, Do not get any gold or silver or copper to take with you in your belts, when they travel around to preach the Gospel. The Fourth Lateran Council was the 12th ecumenical council of the Catholic Church and affirmed transubstantiation and papal primacy, among other things. WebSaint Francis of Assisi, orig. Stigmata, the wounds of Christ appearing on the hands, feet, and side, appeared on St. Francis of Assisi two years before he died. We had two creates, the first one was a google drawing of a poster we had to include facts about them and 5 reasons why we think they are the GOAT! He dedicated himself to constant prayer to better understand Gods will for his life. He was a popular preacher at the time. The school, which was opened to educate the boys of the diocese, started in a building on Baltic Street and grew quickly. On the next day, special religious events and services are organized so people from around the worldnot just in Assisi, Italy can bring their pets to have them blessed. Francis of Assisi was a ladies man who kept his neighbors up with raucous singing and carousing through town. He was well-educated yet performed poorly in school. Spiritually thirsty people came from everywhere to hear him preach. He tried joined the military but was captured. Saint Franciss original name was Francesco di Pietro di Bernardone. Within a year, he had already gained 11 followers. He was treated in a hospital and was also suffering from trachoma. In 1979, Pope John Paul II declared St. Francis the Patron Saint of Ecologists. Three times he sensed God telling him, Francis, repair my Church, which has fallen into ruins. Believing that God was guiding him to repair the dilapidated church at San Damiano structurally, Francis sold a sizable portion of his fathers textile stock, along with his own horse, to pay for the project. Over the next few years, Francis had experiences that inspired him to give up all his possessions and to live in poverty. Known to be the humble saint who gave up his wealthy life for his selfless dream, St. Francis catered to the poor and those who needed spiritual guidance. He interpreted the dream as indicatingthat Francis and his group would help support the Church, and so gave official recognition to the group as a genuine Order in the Church. Annette has also written curriculum for character growth and development of elementary-age children and has developed parent training seminars to benefit the community. Born Giovanni di Bernardone, St. Francis was a charismatic WebThe first was Assisi's civil war in 1198. The event is most heavily celebrated in Italy in Assisi where St. Francis died and earned the title of Patron Saint of Ecologists. For that reason, he was nicknamed 'Francesco' (Frenchy). The Friars Minor, or Lesser Brothers, as they came to be known, were street preachers with no possessions and only the Porziuncola as a centre. To demonstrate his great faith in the Christian religion, he challenged those present to a trial-by-fire in which he and a Muslim would step into a fire, with the idea that the follower of the true religion would be spared by God. But without the churchs blessing, Francis ran the risk of being labeled a heretic for his unorthodox teaching. She became, The beliefs of Saint Francis are still practised today. He was in Military. The pages are numbered for easy sequencing. In 1209, Francis and twelve of his followers journeyed to Rome to seek the approval of Pope Innocent III. She and her husband have five childrenthree who have already flown the coop and two adopted teens still roosting at homeplus two adorable grands who add immeasurable joy and laughter to the whole flock. Francis is born to a wealthy cloth merchant in Italy. That meant there were 12 of His father was a cloth merchant and his mother may have been French. Her debut childrens book, What Is A Family? In his Canticle of the Creatures (less properly called by such names as the Praises of Creatures or the Canticle of the Sun), he referred to Brother Sun and Sister Moon, the wind and water, and even Sister Death. He nicknamed his long and painful illnesses his sisters, and he begged pardon of Brother Ass the body for having unduly burdened him with his penances. Francis of Assisi is one of the most well-known saints of the Roman Catholic Church. He is the patron saint of ecologists, actors, many religious, Italy, Assisi, Basel, the blind, scouts, peace, workers, the poor, Saint Francis of Assisi was one of the most charitable and kind people to have lived. After translating an article, all tools except font up/font down will be disabled. Two of them still stand today: Francesco was very popular and fascinating. Below are a few facts on St. Francis that you may have neverencountered! Francis died onOctober 3, 1226. Pietro Bernardone is no longer my father. Do you see the translation error? Interesting Facts about Saint Francis of Assisi . 12 things to know and share, Jimmy Akin, National Catholic Register, The Real St. Francis: 14 Surprising Facts, Wendy Murray, Belief Net, St. Francis of Assisi, Catholic Encyclopedia. You may have heard of Francis of Assisithe celebrated saint, the historic friar whose love for animals makes him the perfect figurehead for birdbaths. To neglect this point is to present an unbalanced portrait of the saint as a lover of nature, a social worker, an itinerant preacher, and a celebrant of poverty. Day, Francis Arranges the First Nativity Scene. Although Francis was qualified for the priesthood and always respected and obeyed the Catholic churchs authority, he had no desire to bear the title of Priest. St. Francis is one of the most famous saints in Church history. Francis of Assisi died on October 3, 1226 in the city of Assisi (Italy). To share with more than one person, separate addresses with a comma. The feast is also known for commemorating the food and diet of St. Francis, which included honey almond cakethe saints favorite. 4. 2. Accessible across all of today's devices: phones, tablets, and desktops. What was he like before his conversion? He also loved animals and nature! As a boy, Francis attended school and learned Latin and French. WebSaint Francis of Assisi was an Italian Catholic preacher, friar, and deacon, who became one of history's most venerated religious figures. Probably no one in history has set out as seriously as did Francis to imitate the life of Christ and to carry out so literally Christs work in Christs own way. Astounded by Franciss Godly devotion, the bishop gave him a set of discarded clothes to cover his nakedness. In 1219 he was in Egypt during the Crusades, or wars between Christians and Muslims. He established the Franciscan Order of friars and the women's Order of the Poor +1 (202) 518- 0044 2. From now on I can say with complete freedom, Our Father who art in heaven, he said after removing his clothes and presenting them to Pietro. I picked Serena Williams because she is incredible!! Francis considered all nature as the mirror of God and as so many steps to God. WebIn this episode of The Catholic Talk Show, the guys explore some of the little known facts about Saint Francis of Assisi. The simple wording and beautiful graphics make the story easy to comprehend even for the younger students. Two years later, he was pronounced a saint. Instead of going to war, Francis returned to Assisi and the mocking ridicule of family and friends. It was granted on April 1209, the official founding of the Franciscan order. Francis preached to townspeopleeven though as a layperson he was without license to do soand he soon attracted followers. To re-enable the tools or to convert back to English, click "view original" on the Google Translate toolbar. Francis set up the first known Nativity scene to celebrate Christmas in 1220. He was a popular preacher at the time. The Third Order of Brothers and Sisters of Penance was for people who did not take religious vows but wanted to live by the principles of Franciscan life. Burdened by the pressure of being the orders leader, St. Francis later steppedto be among the ranks of his former subjects, living as a brother for the rest of his life. How Is Harry Potter a Literary Christ Figure? Although he had a very rich family, he gave everything he owned to the poor. He genuinely believed that if others could Behold the Lamb of God, who takes away the sins of the world, like Francis, they would be unable to resist the love of their Savior. The sultan said he would convert upon hearing St. Francis preach. 5 Pivotal Events that Led to Francis of Assisis Call to Ministry. WebFacts - Francis of Assisi. He went into the Muslim camp and preached to the sultan al-Kmil, who was impressed by him and gave him permission (it is said) to visit the sacred places in the Holy Land. There are some little-known facts about the humble Francis of Assisi, who dared to walk away from an easy life to follow God at all costs. All rights reserved. PDF. Please write the correct version. He was canonized, or made a saint, on July 16, 1228. 1. 3. Not only did he care for the poor and sick, but he preached multiple sermons on animals, and wanted all creatures on Earth, including humans, to be treated as equals under God. He gave a religious habit, or dress, similar to his own to the noblewoman later known as St. Clare (Clara) of Assisi and then lodged her and a few companions in the church of San Damiano, where they were joined by women of Assisi. Once, its said, he spoke to birds who then flew into the sky in the shape of a cross. 6. The Peace Prayer of Saint Francis cant be traced further back than a French magazine published in 1912. Yet there are a few things we may not know about him. It was later changed by his father to Francesco. WebSaint Francis of Assisi was an Italian Catholic preacher, friar, and deacon, who became one of history's most venerated religious figures. 4. Francis again sought Gods guidance through prayer and scripture. Here are some of the most popular articles for knowing important figures in Christianity: How Did the Apostle Paul Die?Who are the Nicolaitans in Revelation?Who Was Deborah in the Bible?Who Was Moses in the Bible? In fact, legend says that Francis was so zealous for God that he preached the Good News even when only animals were available to listen. 2. Francis returned to San Damiano and began to refurbish the chapel. Still determined to make a name for himself, he responded to the Fourth Crusades call for knights before fully recovering. This special holiday for the patron saint of animals and the environment reminds Catholics to say a prayer for the animals and earth, and donate time or money to these causes. That meant there were 12 of them total just like the 12 Apostles. Francis of Assisi missionary, mystic, stigmatic, saint of the Catholic Church. His real name was, Francesco loved songs and poetry. He felt inspired to do the same, and started traveling around preaching repentance in poverty. Francis thought that nature was the mirror of God. Francis then led a group of 12 disciples to Rome to get approval for his order from the pope. Yes please The lessons learned in church and worship will honor the memory of St. Francis of Assisi. In 1224 it is said that Francis had a vision and received stigmata. On July 16, 1228, he was canonized by Gregory IX. Tax ID - 13-3798288 Every year on October 4 there is a commemoration of Francis of Assisi. In his weakened state, Francis sensed God drawing him away from self-glory and the military lifeand into service for Gods glory. May they also be in us so that the world may believe that you have sent me (John 17:21). 1. He was called the poor man of Assisi. Francis traveled to the Holy Lands during the. He believed that wrath and judgment were instruments of purification that belonged to God aloneand that Christians were called to be instruments of peace. Join the Worlds Largest Environmental Movement! Determined to bring the Gospel to all Gods creatures, Francis, on several occasions, sought to take his message out of Italy. For example, Sister Air, Brother Wind, Sister Earth, Brother Sea, Sister Moon, Brother Sun. He was taken prisoner and held for almost a year. Why Satan Hates the Blessed Virgin Mary So Much, Vandals Desecrate 7-Story Christ Statue With "God Bless Abortions" Banner in Arkansas, Meet the Young Catholic Gymnast Who Took Her Faith to the Olympics: "I Feel So Blessed", Apb. The fruit of Franciss incessant, and sometimes fanatical, communion with Christ was an outpouring of love and joy. During the repair project, God made it clear that Franciss ultimate mission would involve repairing spiritual breachesby preaching repentance, proclaiming the Good News, and showing Christs love to all, without prejudice. His father was a silk merchant and his mother was a noblewoman from Provence. In fact, St. Francis never formally finished his education! No thanks, I don't want breaking news emailed to me, By subscribing, you agree to receive emails from LifeZette.com, occasional offers from our partners and that you've read and agree to our, EP 170 | Bidens Oppressive Policies Left These Military Officers With No Pay, Job, or Health Care, The Essential Missing Component of American Self Government, Libs Lose Mind Over Trump Visiting Ohio With Supplies | Biden Admin Continues To Not Give A F$ck | Ep 521. Saint Francis loved all creatures and took care not tostep on insects when he was walking. Weve been busy, working hard to bring you new features and an updated design. Pope Innocent was astonished to see Francis in such a state that he authorized the Franciscan order to operate without qualms. WebThis biography of St. Francis of Assisi focuses on his upbringing, his decision to embrace poverty, his establishment of the Franciscan Order of the Catholic Church, and his attempt to spread the Gospel to lands beyond Italy.The biography includes a series of questions based on the reading.In using this in my own class room, students are Franciscan Sister Dies of Cancer at Age 38 in First Death for Order Her Beautiful Story, The Third Pillar of Lent: How Almsgiving Benefits the Soul, According to the Saints, 4 Simply Beautiful Tips for Living the Lenten Season from St. Teresa of Avila, 7 Catholic Ways to Love Jesus More This Valentines Day, How Love is Beautifully Defined by the Catechism of the Catholic Church, in 4 Quotes, 6 Intriguing Facts About the Amazing & Courageous St. Josephine Bakhita, The Haunting Stories of 5 Saints Who Battled Demons, 11 Fascinating Facts About the Life of St. Catherine of Siena, 5 Child Saints Who Totally Put All of Us Adults to Shame, Havent Been to Confession in a While? If you practice and believe in Catholicism, the Feast of St. Francis of Assisi is an affirming holiday that celebrates your beliefs, values, and religious heroes. St. Francis was a pious figure who cared about the environment and wildlife, and made it his mission to spread awareness through his sermons. He would not get any gold or silver or copper to take with you in your beltsno bag for the journey or extra shirt or sandals or a staff, for the worker is worth his keep. (Matthew 10:7, 9-11). He also wasnt fond of being a merchant like his father. At age 16 Francis joined merchant-class warriors who fought against the nobility and razed the walls of the city's fortress. Stigmata is a condition in which the wounds of Christ supernaturally appear on a persons body. However, Peter died just five months later. Many other events take place during the week to celebrate the life of St. Francis, including nature walks and games for children. WebIntroduction. We keep track of fun holidays and special moments on the cultural calendar giving you exciting activities, deals, local events, brand promotions, and other exciting ways to celebrate. Franciscan missionaries were sent across the globe to spread the word of the gospel. After his rule received papal sanction, Francis withdrew increasingly from external affairs. Franciss vision and the stigmata of the Crucified. Want to remove the ads? In the late spring of 1212, he set out for the Holy Land to preach to the Muslims but was shipwrecked on the east coast of the Adriatic Sea and had to return. After joining on a military expedition, spending a year as a captive, and dealing with a life-changing illness, Francis began to experience visions directing him towards God and away from the frivolity of mortal life and fun. 2. St. Francis of Assisi spent much of his time preaching about animals, exhorting that all creatures are brothers and sisters under God. Every year on October 4 there is a commemoration of Francis of Assisi. Francis formed a third order as well. through whom you give us light in the darkness: Be praised, my Lord, for our Sister Death. As the friars became more numerous, the order extended outside Italy. Christianity.com is a member of the Salem Web Network of sites including: Copyright 2023, Christianity.com. 7. California - Do Not Sell My Personal Information. He so yearned for Christ that his friends teased that he must be in love. To their shock, Francis announced that he was indeed in love and about to take a wife of surpassing fairness. This declaration of adoration for God and the lifestyle he was called to marked the beginning of Franciss holy surrender. Nowadays,it is normal tocelebrate Christmas with the Nativity Scene because of Saint Francis. Nunca alquilaremos o venderemos su informacin y usted se puede desuscribir en cualquier momento. Her passion is to help wanderers find home. He called all creatures his brothers and sisters, and, in the most endearing stories about him, preached to the birds and persuaded a wolf to stop attacking the people of the town of Gubbio and their livestock if the townspeople agreed to feed the wolf. For example, St. Andrews Day falls on November 30, and Shout of Dolores Day is on September 15. Interesting Facts. St. Francis in prayer. Francescotravelled with his companions from Assisi to Rome, to speak to the Pope. ', Francesco developed sores on his hands and feet. Annette Marie Griffin is an award-winning author and speaker who has managed and directed childrens and youth programs for more than 20 years. WebChesterton s "Saint Francis of Assisi" (1181 1226) is the popular biography of a beloved Christian saint and founder of the Franciscans, told by an equally beloved author and storyteller. Web1. In 1220, Francis handed over governance of the greater Order to the FranciscanPeter Catani. celebration of the stigmata of St. Francis of Assisi, Who was St. Francis of Assisi? Though he was baptized Giovanni, when his father returned from France with a penchant for all things French, he began to be called Francesco, meaning, Frenchman. As a teenager and young adult, Francis lived a carefree, wealthy lifestyle full of feasts and friends, yet he knew there was something missing. In 1212 Francis organized a womens order called the Poor Clares. A year or two later, sickness forced him to abandon a journey to the Muslims in Spain. St. Francis later gave up on being the head of the order and decided to be a mere brother. When he returned to Italy, he reorganized the Franciscan orders, which had grown too large for the system in which they had developed. As the celebration of his stigmata approaches, lets be as humble and as dedicated as St. Francis of Assisi, who gave up his possessions for his calling. Twenty Interesting Facts About St. Francis of Assisi. It was not, however, mere external poverty he sought but the total denial of self (as in the Letter of Paul to the Philippians 2:7). The holiday is emotionally and spiritually significant to many Catholics worldwide. After spending the last few years of his life almost completely blind, St. Francis of Assisi dies in 1226 as he recites Psalm 141 or Psalm 142, according to differing sources. In 1205 Francis planned to fight in another conflict, but on his way there he had a vision. Pope Innocent III was initially cautious about supporting Francis and his new group of followers. He referred to every element in nature as his brother and sister because he recognized the fingerprints and majesty of Creator God in them. He was never ordained a priest, but as a deacon. He began the tradition of celebrating Christmas with a crib and a stable with animals. Grodzka Interesting and Fun Facts, Andreas At around the age of 19, before his conversion, he joined the military and fought in a war against a nearby city. It was run by Saint Clare of Assisi. Saint Francis of Assisi was one of the most charitable and kind people to have lived. Another reason forbeing open to a big family? This angel gave him the gift of the five wounds of Christ.. Francescotravelled to Egyptduring the Crusades, to speak to, Although Francis had no possessions, a friend called, Francis spoke to a fierce wolf that was scaring the town of, Francis had a friend called Clare. Our current Holy Father Pope Francis took the name Francis after him. According to some sources, he had a brother named Angel. MORE NEWS: EP 170 | Bidens Oppressive Policies Left These Military Officers With No Pay, Job, or Health Care, [lz_slideshow ids=216651,216652,216649,216648,216647,216646,216644,216643,216642,217835, front-image=216652], Designed & Developed by Precision Creations. Get our inspiring content delivered to your inbox - FREE! TheArchbasilica of St. John Lateran is the cathedral church of the diocese of Rome, and thus possibly representative of the Church in general, but especially the papacy. October 4 is also National Golf Lovers Day, National Taco Day, National Vodka Day, and World Animal Day. 1752 N Street NW He went out with the townsfolk to fight the Perugians in a small skirmish. Then sign up for our newsletter and stay up-to-date on the most important news and commentary! Visitors to his grave reported many miracles, which led to great crowds visiting his grave. In 1219, while militant forces used Christs name to war against the Muslims, Francis risked his life by traveling to Egypt to talk with Sultan al-Malik al-Kamil. He founded an order, or group, of monks called the Franciscans. In 1209 he composed for his mendicant disciples, or friars, a simple rule (Regula primitiva, Primitive Rule) drawn from passages in the Bible: To follow the teachings of our Lord Jesus Christ and to walk in his footsteps. He then led the group of 12 disciples to Rome to seek the approval of Pope Innocent III, an important step that demonstrated Franciss recognition of papal authority and saved his order from the fate of the Waldensians, who had been declared heretics in the late 12th century. In some ways, St. Francis of Assisi could be viewed as the original Earth Day advocate. What an extraordinary man he truly is! As this is a true Catholic holiday to honor an important Catholic figure, going to mass and worshipping is one of the best ways to observe the holiday. Some of his sermons included stories about birds, fish, and rabbits. He attracted followers, or disciples. He had a thing for social events and gatherings and was often the life of the party. In 1219 he did go to Egypt, where the crusaders were besieging Damietta. By continuing to use this site, you consent to the terms of our cookie policy, which can be found in our. After his hidden burial place is first discovered in 1818, a new, neo-classical style crypt is created and, in 1978, his remains are tested and confirmed by the Popes commission of scholars and he is put in a glass urn within the old tomb. Don't want premium? He illicitly stole some of his fathers cloth, sold it, and offered to pay for the repairs to the church with the money. Francis was born into a wealthy family. 5. Just like Dr. Dolittle, San Francesco spoke the language of animals. One interesting fact that I learnt was Micheal Jordan has lost more than 900 shots lost more than 300 games but he just keeps on going. Franciss renowned love and care for the environment and animals make him the most popular saint among nature-loving groups.
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