instructors can demonstrate the sterile cockpit concept by admits to conversation not pertinent to flying duties: Five reports detailed extraneous The habits formed at this time also give him or her a firm foundation for later training for an instrument rating, As students become more proficient in monitoring and correcting their own flight technique by reference to flight instruments, the performance obtained from an aircraft increases noticeably. Some reports contained Risk management is a decision-making process designed to systematically identify hazards, assess the degree of risk, and determine the best course of action associated with each flight. Officer. Then, the instructor demonstrates the maneuver, allows the student to practice the maneuver under direction, and finally evaluates student accomplishment by observing the performance, Assessment of demonstrated ability during flight instruction must be based upon established standards of performance, suitably modified to apply to the students experience and stage of development as a pilot. June 16, 2022 | In whole foods reheating instructions 2020 of the reports in our data set. The examples shown contain the essential elements of each endorsement. However, in an emergency situation when action needs be taken quickly, time may not be available to contact ATC immediately. when the crew diverted attention from the task at hand and became occupied with Two benefits accrue from this step: the student, being freed from the need to concentrate on performance of the maneuver and from concern about its outcome, is able to organize his or her thoughts regarding the steps involved and the techniques to be used. For example, including relaxation time in a busy schedule and maintaining a program of physical fitness can help reduce stress levels. Dehydration reduces a pilots level of alertness, producing a subsequent slowing of decision-making processes or even the inability to control the aircraft. in a way, the entire 9 hours in a very busy ED is like flying under 10,000 feet. Passengers can help watch for traffic and may be able to provide information in an irregular situation, especially if they are familiar with flying. Okay?". The services provided by ATC can be invaluable in enabling pilots to make informed inflight decisions. A witness recalled later that the aircraft appeared to be too high and fast on final approach, and speculated the pilot was having difficulty controlling the aircraft in high winds. The instructor cannot be responsible for these outside diversions, but cannot ignore them because they have a critical effect on the learning process. He did not use the fuel tables printed in the pilots operating handbook (POH) for the aircraft he was flying on this trip. flight is above or below 10,000 feet. The job of the instructor is to challenge the student with realistic flying situations without overburdening him or her with unrealistic scenarios, The FAA recommends that in all student flights involving landings in an aircraft, the flight instructor should teach a full stop landing. After an intensive look at ADM with suggestions for how to interweave ADM, risk management, and SRM into the teaching process, it closes with a discussion of CFI recommendations. DHC Dash 7. require, nor may any flight crew member perform any duties during a critical themselves and their operating instruments before the operation. The self-assessment is followed by an in-depth discussion between the instructor and the student which compares the instructors assessment to the students self-assessment, The demonstration-performance method can be applied to the telling-and-doing technique of flight instruction in three steps. They are much less apt to become airsick while operating the controls themselves. When the skill being taught is related to previously learned procedures or maneuvers, the known to unknown strategy may be used effectively. Things like setting the flaps prior to takeoff, or extending the landing gear Since flight instructors are a critical part of the aviation safety system, this chapter introduces system safetyaeronautical decision-making (ADM), risk management, situational awareness, and single-pilot resource management (SRM)in the modern flight training environment. feet MSL (mean sea level). The demonstration-performance method is divided into four phases: explanation, demonstration, student performance with instructor supervision, and evaluation. The instructor can correct student impatience by presenting the necessary preliminary training one step at a time, with clearly stated goals for each step. Instructors can teach this skill by prompting their students to prepare for a high workload. Communicate Like a Pro Pilot - Plane & Pilot Magazine instructors can demonstrate the sterile cockpit concept by Passengers are told to shut up and any conversation or activity not related to the takeoff or landing is not permitted while the aircraft is taking off, landing or involved in any "critical phase" of flight. When pointing out areas that need improvement, offer concrete suggestions that help. Any observed tendency of a student to enter flight maneuvers without first making a careful check for other air traffic must be corrected immediately. it is a very interesting idea. It is not necessarily a function of physical robustness or mental acuity. Students who do not understand the principles involved will probably not be able to do this successfully, Flight instructors have the responsibility to provide guidance and restraint with respect to the solo operations of their students. area, the Captain in the following report called on the company radio frequency If students do not fully understand how to use the equipment, or if they rely on it so much that they become complacent, it can become a detriment to safe flight. Based on his original calculations, he believed sufficient fuel remained for the flight home, Fatigue/failure to recognize personal limitationsin the presence of deteriorating weather, the pilot departed for the flight home at 5:00 p.m. [Figure 8-6], Flight instructors should always guard the controls and be prepared to take control of the aircraft. [Figure 8-10], One way of exploring the subject of stress with a student is to recognize when stress is affecting performance. a pretty good idea when it is first considered. (c) For the purposes of this section, critical phases of flight includes all ground operations involving taxi, takeoff and landing, and all other flight operations conducted below 10,000 feet, except cruise flight. Furthermore, by requiring the first solo flight to consist of landings to a full stop, the flight instructor has the opportunity to stop the flight if necessary, In gliders, a low energy landing is the most desirable, based on current winds. (b) No flight crew member may Was the student uncomfortable or tired during the flight? All of the students physical and mental faculties are brought into play. The following reference the US FAR 121.542 and FAR 135.100. The student must be comfortable, confident in the instructor and the aircraft, and at ease if effective learning is to occur. When students begin flight training, they bring with them their interests, enthusiasms, fears, and troubles. Exact interpretation of what constitutes the "sterile zone" is influenced by aircraft type, role, and operating environment. Aim: To implement the sterile cockpit principle to decrease interruptions and distractions during high volume medication administration and reduce the number of medication errors. If a recovery is necessary, there is absolutely nothing to be gained by having the student on the controls and having to fight for control of the aircraft. The weather at the time of the incident was reported as marginal VFR due to rain showers and thunderstorms. full of sight-seeing crew members is an ASRS report looking for a place to happen reasons for non-adherence to the sterile cockpit rule: The most habitually cited offense For example, during a go-around, adding power, gaining airspeed, and properly configuring the aircraft are priorities. How Sterile Cockpits Can Save Your Life - EMS Flight Safety Network Effective use of instruments also results in superior cross-country navigation, better coordination, and generally, a better overall pilot competency level, General aviation accident reports provide ample support for the belief that reference to flight instruments is important to safety. Factors, referred to as stressors, can increase a pilots risk of error in the flight deck. After weighing each information source, she concludes that the headwind has increased. related purposes as ordering galley supplies and confirming passenger The instructor must quickly evaluate the students need for help, and not hesitate to take control, if required. of air carrier accidents and serious incidents, the traveling public feels the surgery would think too kindly of the surgical team who failed to sterilize Your fellow crew members and passengers are hoping that you will. instructors can demonstrate the sterile cockpit concept by For example, the assistance of ATC may be very useful if a pilot is lost. [Figure 8-4], The flight instructor needs to be well prepared and highly organized if complex maneuvers and procedures are to be taught effectively. When sight-seeing Also associated with pilot skill evaluations during flight training are the stage checks conducted in FAA-approved school courses and the practical tests for pilot certificates and ratings, In assessing piloting ability, it is important for the flight instructor to keep the student informed of progress. Fixating on a problem that does not exist can divert the pilots attention from important tasks. While the regulation grew out of accidents in the airline industry, it holds true for the entire aviation community. To determine if there is a change in the winds aloft forecast and to check recent pilot reports, she contacts Flight Watch. She now considers the expected outcome of each possible action and assesses the risks involved. A strange smell or sound may alert a passenger to a potential problem. SMALL TALK, BIG DISTRACTION: TAKING A LOOK AT THE STERILE COCKPIT CONCEPT THROUGH THE LENS OF HELICOPTER OPERATIONS Stress is the bodys response to demands placed upon it. Seccin instructora Seccin instructora. Rough air and unexpected abrupt maneuvers tend to increase the chances of airsickness. Discouragement and emotional upsets are rare when students feel that nothing is being withheld from them or is being neglected in their training, Physical discomfort, illness, and fatigue will materially slow the rate of learning during both classroom instruction and flight training. The self-assessment is followed by an in-depth discussion between the instructor and the student which compares the instructors assessment to the students self-assessment, During the students first solo flight, the instructor must be present to assist in answering questions or resolving any issues that arise during the flight. However, keep in mind that the required amount of lead really depends on the type of turn, turn rate, and roll-out rate. instructors can demonstrate the sterile cockpit concept by. The sterile cockpit: an effective approach to reducing medication As an example, a level turn might be demonstrated and described by the instructor in the following way: Use outside visual references and monitor the flight instruments, After clearing the airspace around the aircraft, add power slightly, turn the aircraft in the desired direction, and apply a slight amount of back pressure on the yoke to maintain altitude. Maintain coordinated flight by applying rudder in the direction of the turn, Remember, the ailerons control the roll rate, as well as the angle of bank. lesson was also learned. to notify maintenance about a minor cabin discrepancy. The explanation phase also should include coverage of appropriate safety procedures. This may be done by frequent review of new periodicals and technical publications, personal contacts with FAA inspectors and designated pilot examiners (DPE), and by participation in pilot and flight instructor clinics. These procedures are especially important prior to entering a high-density traffic area, such as Class B airspace, To manage workload, items should be prioritized. When a flight crew's Many of the reports contained acknowledgments like this: Following are the four most common Tension and apprehension apparently contribute to airsickness and should be avoided, Fatigue is one of the most treacherous hazards to flight safety as it may not be apparent to a pilot until serious errors are made. Chronic fatigues underlying cause is generally not "rest-related" and may have deeper points of origin. surprised when they lined up with the wrong runway -- and doubly surprised when With the update of the Instrument Practical Test Standards (PTS) to include electronic flight instrument displays, flight management systems, GPS, and autopilot usage, knowledge of internal resources becomes an important component of flight training. Once the instructor loses student confidence, it is difficult to regain, and the learning rate is unnecessarily diminished, Student anxiety may place additional burdens on the instructor. safe operation of the aircraft. when climbing above 10,000 feet. Psychological problems such as financial, home life, or job-related stresses cause a lack of qualified rest that is only solved by mitigating the underlying problems before the fatigue is solved. In assessing the ability of a student, the instructor initially determines if he or she understands the procedure or maneuver. The habitual attention to instrument indications leads to improved landings because of more precise airspeed control. With every complex human endeavor, it is necessary to master the basics if the whole task is to be performed competently and safely. For example, when en route, the student can be asked to explain the actions that need to be taken during the approach to the airport. This focuses concentration on the task to be accomplished, so that total involvement in the maneuver is fostered. By starting with the simplest skill, a student gains confidence and is less likely to become frustrated when faced with building skills that are more complex, Another consideration in this phase is the language used. The first of these phases is the students performance of the physical or mental skills that have been explained and demonstrated. While researching the subject at the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) website, he locates several sources that provide background information, such as the fact that, statistically, weather often poses some of the greatest risks to general aviation (GA) pilots, regardless of their experience level. Two reports demonstrated that a cockpit The chapter begins with practical strategies flight instructors can use to enhance their instruction, the demonstration-performance training delivery method of flight instruction, integrated flight instruction, positive exchange of flight controls, use of distractions, obstacles to learning encountered during flight training, and how to evaluate students.